All forms of government welfare should be abolished Essay - 3

All forms of government welfare should be abolished - Essay Example Social services herein refer to healthcare, education, social welfare programs, care for elderly or aged, and, provision of necessary infrastructures to make government effective in their relation with people (Tanner, 2012). The abolition of this government welfare means relinquishing its role and allowing private entities to offer services that can respond to peoples needs. The recent trend and dominion of private enterprise and services in our society is an attempt to exculpate or exonerate government’s role in delivering quality services as its mandate to fully realize its functions in realizing the social contract with the people it ought to serve. The abolition of social services therefor means that the government, as a bureaucracy, will relinquish its functions to accord social services and welfare to its constituents. Why spend $14,848 for every poor man (Tanner, 2012)? But on the other hand, why pay for taxes if government intends to negate the foundation of its very existence? A famous social philosopher once said that a government is a government of the people, by the people and for the people. Its object and subject of being are its constituents. It is for this reason that electorates during election wanted to nominate leaders who can uphold democracy to ensure peoples participation in decision-making and those who can reform the government structure to guarantee that delivery of services are given more importance than their selfish interests as bureaucrats. People wanted to see a government that is effectively translating its goal to have a peaceful, developed and prosperous nation. Both candidates and electorates wanted to pursue an agenda where children’s education are prioritized; quality health services are delivered in remote villages and in state-owned hospitals; people’s poverty are supplemented with social programs that can help eradicate poverty; and, social

Measuring Cytotoxicity in HepG2 Cells

Measuring Cytotoxicity in HepG2 Cells Measuring cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells treated with cisplatin or 5-fluorouracil, via flow cytometry as a measure of effectiveness of the drugs at treating cancer Introduction Cytotoxicity is the quality of being toxic to cells, resulting in cell death (Rang et al. 2012). In the majority of therapeutics cytotoxicity is not a desirable characteristic. However, in the treatment of cancer many chemotherapy drugs, through cytotoxicity are designed to selectively induce apoptosis, a form of cell death (Rang et al. 2012). There are three main forms of cell death, these are: apoptosis, autophagy and necrosis. Apoptosis is the physiological process by which cells are destroyed in a controlled manner (Elmore 2007). There are four basic steps involved; the first is cell shrinkage, blebs begin to form and condensation of chromatin occurs. Next, membrane blebbing occurs and enzymes begin the process of nuclear fragmentation. In the late stages of apoptosis, the cell is broken down into apoptotic bodies which contain the cells components and nuclear fragments. The final stage is the phagocytosis of apoptotic bodies (Ulukaya et al. 2011). One of the main ways in which phagocytes recognise apoptotic cells is the presentation of phosphatidylserine (PS). Ordinarily, this phospholipid is found on the inner leaflet of the membrane bilayer, during apoptosis it translocates to the outer leaflet and binds to a PS receptor present on the phagocyte (Wu et al. 2006). In autophagy, targeted components such as organelles are isolated in an autophagosome; a form of vesicle with a lipid bilayer membrane. These autophagosomes are degraded by lysosomes (Kroemer, G et al. 2009). Necrosis is often thought of as uncontrolled cell death. However, there is an increasing amount of evidence that suggests it is regulated by transduction pathways and other mechanisms (Kroemer, G et al. 2009). It is caused by factors such as trauma, infection and toxins. It is characterised by the swelling of cells which causes the cell membrane to rupture, resulting in the release of intracellular components. These intracellular components can trigger a local inflammatory response. In contrast to apoptosis, the phagocytic stage does not occur in necrosis (Golstein, Pierre and Kroemer, Guido 2007). As a result, dead cells and their intracellular components remain at the site of necrosis, this build-up of debris may lead to conditions such as gangrene. Due to its detrimental effects, it’s preferential that necrosis is not produced by therapeutics. Cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil are chemotherapy agents, which both cause apoptosis by interfering with DNA via its replication and repair. Cisplatin crosslinks with purine bases in DNA which interferes with DNA repair mechanisms, this means that DNA damage is not fixed triggering apoptosis (Dasari and Bernard Tchounwou 2014). 5-flurouracil is an antimetabolite, it is metabolised into 5-fluorodeoxyuridine monophosphate (5-FdUMP) which is then incorporated into both DNA and RNA and also inhibits thymidilate synthase (Parker and Stivers 2011). HepG2 cells are derived from the hepatocellular carcinoma cells of a 15 year old, American, Caucasian, male and are epithelial in nature. They are commonly used as an in vitro model of human hepatocellular carcinoma (Costantini et al. 2013). Flow cytometry is a powerful tool that allows for the rapid differentiation and characterisation of particles including cells. A flow cytometer is made up of three main components: fluidics, optics and electronics. When a sample is injected into a flow cytometer, the fluidics system is responsible for producing a stream of single particles, this relies on the principle of laminar flow. This allows the particles to be interrogated by the laser beam individually. When a particle passes through the laser beam it scatters light. The amount of forward scatter is proportional to the size of the cell. The side scatter is proportional to the complexity of the cell. If a fluorophore is present, it can be excited by a specific wavelength of light. It will then undergo a Stokes shift and a different wavelength of light will be emitted which can be measured by the electronics of the flow cytometer (Macey 2007, Maxwell and Hannon-Fletcher 2009). The fluorophore can be conjugated with proteins suc h as annexin V which have a known high affinity to specific molecules present on the cell surface. Annexin V is a 35.7kDa, calcium sensitive, phospholipid binding protein. It has a high affinity to phosphatidylserine. The binding of fluorophore labelled annexin V is used as a common measure of apoptotic cells by flow cytometry (van Genderen et al. 2008). Aims To measure the effectiveness of two anti-cancer drugs by measuring the level of apoptosis in a population of HepG2 cells after being treated with cisplatin (15 µg/mL) or 5-fluorouracil (25 µg/mL) for 48 hours and compare those to a population of untreated cells via flow cytometry. Objectives To count and fix a population of HepG2 cells before staining them with fluorescently labelled Annexin V in preparation for analysis using a flow cytometer. To measure the level of fluorescence in 5000 treated and untreated cells using a flow cytometer as well as measuring the minimal and maximal fluorescence in a negative and positive control. Based on the fact the fluorescence is directly proportional to apoptosis determine which treatment is significantly better and provide evidence from the literature as to why this is the case. Methods Please refer to laboratory schedule (Hatch 2014). Following the collection of data descriptive statistics and a one-way ANOVA test were carried out the results of which can be found in the appendix. Results The negative control was used to identify if there was any background fluorescence. In table 1 (found in the appendix) the mean fluorescence for the negative control was 144. Therefore, fluorescence that is significantly higher than this level can be attributed to the excitation of the fluorophore (Alexa 488). Figure 1 Cytotoxicity of HepG2 cells measured as fluorescence using flow cytometry. The bars are means of triplicates, the standard error has been used for the error bars. *statistically significant compared to control (blue for negative, red for positive), p In figure 1, a greater level of fluorescence was seen for the samples treated with cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil compared to that of the untreated sample. Cisplatin produced the greatest level of fluorescence of the two treated samples. Discussion The data used was a class set, some of the data provided was produced by those running the laboratory session as some samples did not contain a pellet which was needed to run the flow cytometry analysis. The five sets of data were compared with one another, it was found that the differences were statistically significant (p As mentioned in results, cisplatin showed a greater mean fluorescence compared to 5-fluorouracil, Results were 726 and 540 respectively. Seeing as fluorescence is directly proportional to phosphotidylserine expression, which in turn is a direct measure of apoptosis. It can be assumed that cisplatin produced the highest level of apoptosis and is most cytotoxic to HepG2 cells. Although a higher concentration of the drugs were used (150 µg/mL) this result has also been seen in the literature (Brenes et al. 2007). Although it was not stained with annexin V, the negative control showed a mean fluorescence of 144; this is due to auto fluorescence of the cells. The fluorophore which was conjugated with annexin V was Alexa 488. It fluoresces at a wavelength of 488nm, this is within the green part of the spectrum. It is well documented that molecules found within all cells, including hepatocytes also fluoresce at a green wavelength, the most notable of these are flavins which fluoresce at around 560nm (Croce, Anna Cleta et al. 2007, Croce, Anna C et al. 2014). FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide) is an example of a flavin and is a redox cofactor used in metabolism. HepG2 cells are a liver carcinoma cell line. Due to their cancerous nature there would be a high level of metabolism within these cells and hence, a high level of FAD. The low level of fluorescence seen in the untreated sample is expected as there should be no apoptosis induced by cytotoxicity. Therefore, it is not surprising that the difference between the fluorescence of the untreated sample and the negative control and the treated samples is less statistically significant. In this experiment, only one stain was used in this experiment (Annexin V), this allows for the identification of cells that are cytotoxic. To evaluate the true effectiveness of a chemotherapy drug, the cell viability and necrosis is also needed. Necrosis and late stage apoptosis can be measured using propidium iodide (PI). PI binds to nucleic acids and is impermeable to intact membranes, it is often used in combination with annexin V as it fluoresces red and there is little overlap between the wavelengths of red and green light. Therefore, compensation is not needed after flow cytometry has been carried out. It has been observed in the literature that the cytotoxicity of 5-fluorouracil is dependent on both dose and exposure time (Okamura et al. 2008). We only looked at one dose and exposure time for both drugs. It has also been observed that the use of cisplatin in combination with 5-fluorouracil or other chemotherapy drugs has a synergistic and additive effect in hepatoma cell lines (Kogure et al. 2004), both of these could be investigated further is the experiment were carried out again. Conclusion In conclusion, cisplatin was shown to produce a higher level of apoptosis in HepG2 cells than 5-fluorouracil. However, to fully evaluate the effectiveness of an anti-cancer agent, measures of viability and necrosis are also needed. The differences between the two drugs may be due to the different mechanisms by which the drugs work. The introduction of 5-dUMP into DNA and RNA is a more subtle mechanism compared to the cross-linking of DNA via cis-platin. This cross-linking may be detected by cells more readily resulting in higher levels of apoptosis. As HepG2 cells were used, these results may only be the case for hepatocellular carcinomas. References Brenes, O., Arce, F., Gà ¤tjens-Boniche, O., and Dà ­az, C. (2007) â€Å"Characterization of Cell Death Events Induced by Anti-Neoplastic Drugs Cisplatin, Paclitaxel and 5-Fluorouracil on Human Hepatoma Cell Lines: Possible Mechanisms of Cell Resistance.† Biomedicine pharmacotherapy = Biomà ©decine pharmacothà ©rapie 61 (6), 347–55 Costantini, S., Di Bernardo, G., Cammarota, M., Castello, G., and Colonna, G. (2013) â€Å"Gene Expression Signature of Human HepG2 Cell Line.† Gene 518 (2), 335–45 Croce, A.C., Ferrigno, A., Santin, G., Piccolini, V.M., Bottiroli, G., and Vairetti, M. (2014) â€Å"Autofluorescence of Liver Tissue and Bile: Organ Functionality Monitoring during Ischemia and Reoxygenation.† Lasers in surgery and medicine 46 (5), 412–21 Croce, A.C., De Simone, U., Vairetti, M., Ferrigno, A., and Bottiroli, G. (2007) â€Å"Autofluorescence Properties of Rat Liver under Hypermetabolic Conditions.† Photochemical photobiological sciencesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¯: Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology 6 (11), 1202–9 Dasari, S. and Bernard Tchounwou, P. (2014) â€Å"Cisplatin in Cancer Therapy: Molecular Mechanisms of Action.† European journal of pharmacology 740, 364–378 Elmore, S. (2007) â€Å"Apoptosis: A Review of Programmed Cell Death.† Toxicologic pathology 35 (4), 495–516 Van Genderen, H.O., Kenis, H., Hofstra, L., Narula, J., and Reutelingsperger, C.P.M. (2008) â€Å"Extracellular Annexin A5: Functions of Phosphatidylserine-Binding and Two-Dimensional Crystallization.† Biochimica et biophysica acta 1783 (6), 953–63 Golstein, P. and Kroemer, G. (2007) â€Å"Cell Death by Necrosis: Towards a Molecular Definition.† Trends in biochemical sciences 32 (1), 37–43 Hatch, E. (2014) â€Å"M19BMS Laboratory Schedule†. Coventry University Kogure, T., Ueno, Y., Iwasaki, T., and Shimosegawa, T. (2004) â€Å"The Efficacy of the Combination Therapy of 5-Fluorouracil, Cisplatin and Leucovorin for Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Its Predictable Factors.† Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology 53 (4), 296–304 Kroemer, G., Galluzzi, L., Vandenabeele, P., Abrams, J., Alnemri, E.S., Baehrecke, E.H., Blagosklonny, M. V, El-Deiry, W.S., Golstein, P., Green, D.R., Hengartner, M., Knight, R.A., Kumar, S., Lipton, S.A., Malorni, W., Nuà ±ez, G., Peter, M.E., Tschopp, J., Yuan, J., Piacentini, M., Zhivotovsky, B., and Melino, G. (2009) â€Å"Classification of Cell Death: Recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death 2009.† Cell death and differentiation 16 (1), 3–11 Macey, M.G. (2007) Flow Cytometryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¯: Principles and Applications. ed. by Macey, M.G. Humana Press, Inc Maxwell, P. and Hannon-Fletcher, M. (2009) â€Å"Advanced Techniques in Diagnostic Cellular Pathology†. in Advanced Techniques in Diagnostic Cellular Pathology. Hoboken: Wiley, 69–97 Okamura, M., Shimada, J., and Sakagami, H. (2008) â€Å"Comparative Analysis of Cell Death Induction by Cisplatin and 5-FU in Human Oral Squamous and Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Lines†. Anticancer research 260, 253–259 Parker, J.B. and Stivers, J.T. (2011) â€Å"Dynamics of Uracil and 5-Fluorouracil in DNA.† Biochemistry 50 (5), 612–7 Rang, H., Dale, M., Ritter, M., Flower, R., and Henderson, G.. (2012) â€Å"Anticancer Drugs†. in Rang and Dale’s Pharmacology. 7th edn. Elesevier, 676–677 Ulukaya, E., Acilan, C., and Yilmaz, Y. (2011) â€Å"Apoptosis: Why and How Does It Occur in Biology?†. Cell biochemistry and function 29 (6), 468–80 Wu, Y., Tibrewal, N., and Birge, R.B. (2006) â€Å"Phosphatidylserine Recognition by Phagocytes: A View to a Kill.† Trends in cell biology 16 (4), 189–97 Appendix Table 1: Table showing mean fluorescence for each sample where 1.00 represents the negative control, 2.00 represents the positive control, 3.00 the untreated sample, 4.00 the sample treated with cisplatin, 5.00 with 5-fluorouracil N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Minimum Maximum Lower Bound Upper Bound 1.00 3 144.3333 11.93035 6.88799 114.6967 173.9700 136.00 158.00 2.00 3 1866.6667 32.65476 18.85323 1785.5477 1947.7856 1836.00 1901.00 3.00 3 214.3333 10.59874 6.11919 188.0046 240.6621 203.00 224.00 4.00 3 864.0000 20.22375 11.67619 813.7614 914.2386 849.00 887.00 5.00 3 540.6667 51.93586 29.98518 411.6508 669.6825 484.00 586.00 Total 15 726.0000 647.67772 167.22967 367.3280 1084.6720 136.00 1901.00 Table 2 Descriptive statistics where 1.00 is the negative control, 2.00 is the positive control, 3.00 is the untreated sample, 4.00 is the sample treated with cisplatin and 5.00 is the sample treated with 5-fluorouracil. N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Minimum Maximum Lower Bound Upper Bound 1.00 3 144.3333 11.93035 6.88799 114.6967 173.9700 136.00 158.00 2.00 3 1866.6667 32.65476 18.85323 1785.5477 1947.7856 1836.00 1901.00 3.00 3 214.3333 10.59874 6.11919 188.0046 240.6621 203.00 224.00 4.00 3 864.0000 20.22375 11.67619 813.7614 914.2386 849.00 887.00 5.00 3 540.6667 51.93586 29.98518 411.6508 669.6825 484.00 586.00 Total 15 726.0000 647.67772 167.22967 367.3280 1084.6720 136.00 1901.00 Table 3 ANOVA analysis carried out on the data Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups 5863955.333 4 1465988.833 1655.612 .000 Within Groups 8854.667 10 885.467 Total 5872810.000 14 Table 4 Ad-hoc test Tukeys range tests and LSD showing statistical significance between groups. All differences between groups are statistically significant (p Multiple Comparisons Dependent Variable: Fluorescence (I) Treatment (J) Treatment Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error Sig. 95% Confidence Interval Lower Bound Upper Bound Tukey HSD 1.00 2.00 -1722.33333* 24.29632 .000 -1802.2945 -1642.3722 3.00 -70.00000 24.29632 .094 -149.9612 9.9612 4.00 -719.66667* 24.29632 .000 -799.6278 -639.7055 5.00 -396.33333* 24.29632 .000 -476.2945 -316.3722 2.00 1.00 1722.33333* 24.29632 .000 1642.3722 1802.2945 3.00 1652.33333* 24.29632 .000 1572.3722 1732.2945 4.00 1002.66667* 24.29632 .000 922.7055 1082.6278 5.00 1326.00000* 24.29632 .000 1246.0388 1405.9612 3.00 1.00 70.00000 24.29632 .094 -9.9612 149.9612 2.00 -1652.33333* 24.29632 .000 -1732.2945 -1572.3722 4.00 -649.66667* 24.29632 .000 -729.6278 -569.7055 5.00 -326.33333* 24.29632 .000 -406.2945 -246.3722 4.00 1.00 719.66667* 24.29632 .000 639.7055 799.6278 2.00 -1002.66667* 24.29632 .000 -1082.6278 -922.7055 3.00 649.66667* 24.29632 .000 569.7055 729.6278 5.00 323.33333* 24.29632 .000 243.3722 403.2945 5.00 1.00 396.33333* 24.29632 .000 316.3722 476.2945 2.00 -1326.00000* 24.29632 .000 -1405.9612 -1246.0388 3.00 326.33333* 24.29632 .000 246.3722 406.2945 4.00 -323.33333* 24.29632 .000 -403.2945 -243.3722 LSD 1.00 2.00 -1722.33333* 24.29632 .000 -1776.4689 -1668.1978 3.00 -70.00000* 24.29632 .016 -124.1356 -15.8644 4.00 -719.66667* 24.29632 .000 -773.8022 -665.5311 5.00 -396.33333* 24.29632 .000 -450.4689 -342.1978 2.00 1.00 1722.33333* 24.29632 .000 1668.1978 1776.4689 3.00 1652.33333* 24.29632 .000 1598.1978 1706.4689 4.00 1002.66667* 24.29632 .000 948.5311 1056.8022 5.00 1326.00000* 24.29632 .000 1271.8644 1380.1356 3.00 1.00 70.00000* 24.29632 .016 15.8644 124.1356 2.00 -1652.33333* 24.29632 .000 -1706.4689 -1598.1978 4.00 -649.66667* 24.29632 .000 -703.8022 -595.5311 5.00 -326.33333* 24.29632 .000 -380.4689 -272.1978 4.00 1.00 719.66667* 24.29632 .000 665.5311 773.8022 2.00 -1002.66667* 24.29632 .000 -1056.8022 -948.5311 3.00 649.66667* 24.29632 .000 595.5311 703.8022 5.00 323.33333* 24.29632 .000 269.1978 377.4689 5.00 1.00 396.33333* 24.29632 .000 342.1978 450.4689 2.00 -1326.00000* 24.29632 .000 -1380.1356 -1271.8644 3.00 326.33333* 24.29632 .000 272.1978 380.4689 4.00 -323.33333* 24.29632 .000 -377.4689 -269.1978 *. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.

Artists in Stained Glass :: Essays Papers

Artists in Stained Glass I. CONCRETE EXPERIENCE I think my interest in the combination of glass, light and color began as a child when I discovered the colorful images created inside a kaleidoscope. Even as an adult, I cannot seem to resist picking up a kaleidoscope and gazing into the viewer as I rotate the tube to change the design of the colored bits of glass. If you walk into my home, it is apparent that I like to decorate with glass. I have glass flowers, marbles, stones, vases, balls, bowls and my favorite, stained glass. I have stained glass windows, birds, flowers, night-lights, candle holders, picture frames, and a jewelry box. I like to attend the various arts and craft festivals and shows in Tulsa so I can enjoy the stained glass art created by the local artisans. In November 1999, I went to the Stained Glass Guild's annual sale and purchased my first large piece of stained glass. It was a beautiful blue, yellow, green and red floral piece. I had purchased several smaller floral pieces in 1998 at Tulsa's Arts and Craft Fall Festival at Tulsa State Fairgrounds and I knew it would look beautiful surrounded by the smaller pieces. I purchased my stained glass windows at the Haskell Antique Auction in 2000. They were removed from a building in England and I like to think that they survived the bombings during World War II and now they hang inside my home. I would not say an exceptionally talented artisan created the windows but the pattern in the glass is unique. The colors sparkle and bring a certain charm to my kitchen and breakfast nook, especially on cold winter days. I recently remodeled my kitchen, breakfast nook and formal dining area. I installed new counters, wallpaper, border, artwork and flooring. In my spare time, I have been working with two friends to make a stained glass still life to hang between the doorway to the formal dining area and the kitchen, breakfast nook area. We made the pattern from the wallpaper border, which depicts a wine bottle, cheese, basket of fruit and some flowers sitting on a counter. The piece has over 200 pieces of cut glass and we are about two-thirds finished.

Syllabus Notes on Rome: The Augustan Age

Syllabus Notes Rome: The Augustan Age 44BC – AD14 1Establishment of the Principate Impact of the Death of Caesar – Republic government = Senate. – Julius assassinated seen to be becoming dictator. – Wealth + position left to Octavian. – Political heirs thought to be Antony (other consul) and Lepidus (master of horses/ assistant to dictator) – Ant in charge (abolishes dictatorship) > Lep: pontifex maximus in Spain Early Career of Octavian -Speech @ nan’s funeral Education + military training from Caesar > hears of father’s death AVENGE -Pays 75 denarii w. own $ & hosts games (comet = soul of Caesar) -Puts army together & gets imperium to defeat Ant in Gaul > Decimus Brutus given triumph Second Triumvirate and Civil War -Joins Ant works & Lepidus where interests lie (triumvirate) power of dictator, against Republicans -Senate & Cicero reject demands for consulship, Oct seizes control; prepares for war (against assasins: Brutus & C assius) -Proscriptions – Cicero > escapees joined Pompieus Battle of Phillipi: Reps defeated- triumvirs divide empire -Treaty of Brudism: war risk> Ant marries Octavia> further division -Treaty of Misenum: Pirate Pompieus gets 3 area after stopping corn. Archaea proconsul. -Ant marries Cleo> end of Triumvirate Consequences and Significance of the Battle of Actium -Civil uproar @ Ant’s propaganda (Ant’s will) -Blockade (w. Agrippa) Cleo & Ant escape leave fleet behind- later commit suicide -Troops demobilized Egypt annexed to Rome> pays off campaigns, triumph + adorns Rome -Oct establishes authority in East & put in prayers and liberations -Temple of Janus closed after 200yrs: PEACE Development of the Principate: Settlements of 27 and 23 BC -Puts aside powers granted to him> looks like Senate is in control -Became Princeps (1st citizen) others held title before -1ST SETTLEMENT: Procunsular Imperium Consul â€Å"Augustus† -2ND SETTLEMENT: Procunsular maius Imperium Tribunica Potestas Titles, Honours and Images Propaganda> associates himself with victories, religion, heirs, peace -All over the empire- promote himself, looks like he does a lot for the people: prima porta -Didn’t use title a lot- makes him seem too powerful Syllabus Notes Rome: The Augustan Age 44BC – AD14 2The Augustan Principate Augustus and the Senate: Roles and Responsibilities -Augustus treated the Senate with respect (example of JC), he was fair -shared the work not power -Army, honours & ‘auctoritas’ helped Aug control Senate -Unsuitable members removed 3 times (1000 to 600) and fewer sessions -Members had to have: hereditary link or favour from Aug.Monetary qualification -Hereditary members: broad purple stripe â€Å"New Men†: narrow purple stripe -Senatorial provinces were peaceful> Imperial provinces (Aug) were ‘armed’ -Consilium principas council that advised Aug- 20 senators and family members Roles of Magistrate s and Officials -Positions held status & power- cursus honorum – leads to other opportunities -Aediles lost popularity and responsibilities: grain supply, aqueducts, fire brigade -Aug approve/reject candidates for positions due to autoritas -Consulship reduced to 6 months -New committees> used senior men more specific jobs, quality of work improved

Impacts of mobile phone Essay

Mobile phones being one of the most successful inventions of the twentieth century has become a necessity in today’s world as the world is living in an electronic age where it has given birth to globalisation. The latest mobile phones consist of different functions such as surfing the internet or playing music , it is still mainly used as a form of communication which can be used anywhere at anytime. This is due to the fact that it has a unique networked system which needs no wiring , fixation or botheration. As our modern day society , the constant use of mobile phones have brought us a point where it is almost impossible for us to imagine our day-to-day life without it. Our society is oblivious to how much we depend on the use of mobile phones but we only realise that we need it in all spheres of our lives . It plays an important role in our lives especially around people we love especially our family . As a form of communication , it has brought us closer to our family in certain ways but yet it has also cause a disruption in family relationships. This essay will elaborate more on the how a mobile phone has both positive as well as a negative impacts in the relationship of a family. This modern gadget has done a massive impact on our relationships, especially family life. It has facilitate communication and help us keep in touch with our family even when not being physically together. In addition to that , it has allowed frequent and spontaneous communication between family members which causes an increase in people’s capacity to maintain emotional intimacy among themselves. Not only that , parents are able to know how their child is doing if they’re studying abroad. At least they would have a peace of mind knowing that their child is safe and that their child is just a quick phone call away from them. They can also feel better knowing that their child can either contact them or the authorities in cases of emergency. Read more:Â  Essay About Negative Effects of Smartphones on Youth However , when mobile phones are used excessively ,it will limit the time a person interacts with their family members physically as they tend to become oblivious of the surrounding especially people around them. This is due to being fixated on constantly checking for text messages , emails and chats as well as playing games and music. When these family interaction become limited , the family members tend to forget the importance of communicating with one another causing them to lose personal contact and listening skills which is essential in building a strong relationship with one another. In addition , parents complain about their children not answering their mobile phones. This causes the parent to feel frustrated and will eventually lose trust towards their child. To sum up, it will increase distress and cause a steep decrease in family satisfaction. In conclusion , mobile phones have its own positive impact as a strong communication device which makes family interaction between one another easier especially when family members are far away from each other. But if we wary and slither into dependency on communicating with our family using a mobile phone , then in the future, people will lose their ability to have a conversation and how they interact with each family member. This will open up a Pandora’s box , with time , it gets worse resulting in conflicts not resolved and non of the family members know much about each other. Since mobile phones have both positive and negative impacts we have to figure out ways of how mobile phones can enhance humanity and not degrade it.

Begin the New Year in Thanks Write a Gratitude List

Begin the New Year in Thanks Write a Gratitude List Begin the New Year in Thanks: Write a Gratitude List How many times have you told yourself, This year Im going to lose weight, or This year Im gonna start a business, or pursued some other grand idea that never quite panned out? Weve all been there. This year, forgo the back-breaking resolutions that make you feel like a failure. Start the year fresh with a gratitude list. What’s a â€Å"Gratitude List?† A gratitude list is a simple exercise that can pull you out of sticky bad feelings. Take out a piece of paper (or your phone or laptop), and start writing things that are good in your life. It may seem hard at first, but starting out with a small list of five things and adding to it throughout the week can lift your spirits and create a happier and healthier you. It might be a foreign concept, but it works. Why Do a List? When you’re not feeling content or well, it’s great to look at your gratitude list. When nervous, angry, or scared, take a deep breath and reflect upon the things for which you’re grateful. It’s been proven that people who live in a spirit of gratitude do better at school and in work. A good mood can affect your life tremendously, and help you during difficult times. Making up a gratitude list may sound cheesy, but it helps de-clutter your head and allow you to focus on the positive. For more helpful tips to better yourself and your future, call 1-800-573-0840. will help you write well, achieve academically, and more.

Freedom Of Speech And The Internet Essays - Pornography Law

Freedom Of Speech And The Internet Essays - Pornography Law Freedom Of Speech And The Internet The United States of America was founded over two hundred years ago on the basis of freedom. Freedoms, which were wrote into, and are yet a part of the Constitution of the United States. Under the First Amendment of the Constitution, many freedoms are granted to the citizens of this great nation. Such freedoms as those of speech, religion, press, petition, and assembly are granted to all free citizens. But, where do our freedoms begin and end when it comes to the Internet? How can a small group of individuals regulate an entity that is much larger than its jurisdiction? Who is responsible for deciding what is considered proper for viewing to users? With so many regulations and rules governing the Internet, what happened to that right granted to us in the First Amendment? With all these rules and codes of conduct, one begins to wonder if the First Amendment gives us the freedoms it so justly states, or if we are just too ignorant to stand up and fight for the rights granted to us by t he Constitution (Constitution). Freedom of speech, on the Internet, has endured several battles throughout its recent history. In 1997, the Supreme Court has once already ruled in favor of freedom of speech in cyberspace. This ruling was in response to charges, which were brought up to a federal judge, involving the Communications Decency Act (CDA). The federal judge found for the defendant, stating that the CDA was unconstitutional. After appealing to the Supreme Court, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) took to the defense once again, fighting for the freedom of speech in the matter at hand. With their primary defense centered on the First Amendment, the Supreme Court ruled the act unconstitutional by a majority vote. This landmark decision sets the stage for future fights for the freedom of speech on and off of the Internet (Supreme Court). The Internet has also been of controversy when it comes to monitoring or blocking sites, which are deemed dangerous to minors. In another recent court case, a public library offering public Internet access had blocking software installed, restricting sites considered harmful to minors, limiting perfectly good

Definition and Examples of Language Varieties

Definition and Examples of Language Varieties In  sociolinguistics, language variety- also called  lect- is a general term for any distinctive form of a language or linguistic expression. Linguists commonly use language variety (or simply variety) as a cover term for any of the overlapping subcategories of a language, including dialect,  register,  jargon, and  idiolect. Background To understand the meaning of language varieties, its important to consider how lects differ from  standard English. Even what constitutes standard English is a topic of hot debate among linguists. Standard English  is a  controversial term  for a form of the English language that is written and spoken by educated users.  For some linguists, standard English is a synonym for  good  or  correct  English  usage. Others use the term to refer to a specific geographical  dialect  of English or a dialect favored by the most powerful and prestigious social group. Varieties of language develop for a number of reasons: differences can come about for geographical reasons; people who live in different geographic areas often develop distinct dialects- variations of standard English. Those who belong to a specific group, often academic or professional, tend to adopt jargon that is known to and understood by only members of that select group. Even individuals develop idiolects, their own specific ways of speaking. Dialect The word  dialect- which contains lect within the term- derives from the Greek words  dia- meaning   across, between and  legein  speak.  A  dialect  is a regional or social  variety  of a  language  distinguished by pronunciation,  grammar, and/or  vocabulary. The term  dialect  is often used to characterize a way of speaking that differs from the  standard  variety of the language. Sarah Thomason of the  Linguistic Society of America  notes: All dialects start with the same system, and their partly independent histories leave different parts of the parent system intact. This gives rise to some of the most persistent myths about language, such as the claim that the people of Appalachia speak pure Elizabethan English. Certain dialects have gained negative connotations in the U.S. as well as in other countries. Indeed, the term  dialect  prejudice  refers to discrimination based on a persons  dialect  or way of  speaking.  Dialect prejudice is a type of  linguicism- discrimination based on dialect. In their article Applied Social Dialectology, published in Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of  Language and Society, Carolyn Temple and Donna Christian observe: ...dialect prejudice is  endemic in public life, widely tolerated, and institutionalized in social enterprises that affect almost everyone, such as education and the media. There is limited knowledge about and little regard for    linguistic  study showing that all varieties of a language display systematicity and that the   elevated  social position of standard varieties has no scientific linguistic basis. Due to this kind of dialectic prejudice, Suzanne Romaine, in Language in Society, notes: Many linguists now prefer the term  variety  or  lect  to avoid the sometimes  pejorative  connotations that the term dialect has. Register Register is defined as the  way a speaker uses language differently in different circumstances. Think about the words you choose, your tone of voice, even your body language. You probably behave very differently chatting with a friend than you would at a formal dinner party or during a job interview. These variations in formality,  also called stylistic variation, are known as registers in linguistics. They are determined by such factors as social occasion,  context,  purpose, and  audience. Registers are marked by a variety of specialized vocabulary and turns of phrases, colloquialisms, the use of  jargon, and a difference in intonation and pace. Registers are used in all forms of communication, including written, spoken, and signed. Depending on grammar, syntax, and tone, the register may be extremely rigid or very intimate. You dont even need to use an actual word to communicate effectively. A huff of exasperation during a debate or a grin while signing hello speaks volumes. Jargon Jargon  refers to the specialized  language  of a professional or occupational group. Such language is often meaningless to outsiders. American poet  David Lehman  has described jargon as the verbal sleight of hand that makes the old hat seem newly fashionable; it gives an air of novelty and specious profundity to ideas that, if stated directly, would seem superficial, stale, frivolous, or false. George Packer describes jargon in a similar vein in a 2016 article in the New Yorker magazine: â€Å"Professional jargon- on Wall Street, in humanities departments, in government offices- can be a fence raised to keep out the uninitiated and permit those within it to persist in the belief that what they do is too hard, too complex, to be questioned. Jargon acts not only to   euphemize  but to license, setting insiders against outsiders and giving the flimsiest notions a scientific aura.†Ã¢â‚¬â€¹ Pam Fitzpatrick, a senior research director at Gartner, a Stamford, Connecticut-based research and advisory firm specializing in high tech, writing on  LinkedIn,  puts it more bluntly: Jargon is waste. Wasted breath, wasted energy. It absorbs time and space but does nothing to further our goal of persuading people to help us solve complex problems. In other words, jargon is a faux method of creating a sort of dialect that only those on this inside group can understand. Jargon has social implications similar to dialect  prejudice but in reverse: It is a way of making those who understand this particular variety of language more erudite and learned; those who are members of the group that understands the particular jargon are considered smart, while those on the outside are simply not bright enough to comprehend this kind of language. Types of Lects In addition to the distinctions discussed previously, different types of lects also echo the types of language varieties: Regional dialect: A variety spoken in a particular region.Sociolect: Also known as a  social dialect, a  variety of language  (or register) used by a socioeconomic class, a profession, an age group, or any  other social group.Ethnolect: A lect spoken by a specific ethnic group. For example, Ebonics, the vernacular  spoken by  some African-Americans, is a type of ethnolect, notes  e2f,  a language-translation firm.Idiolect:  According to e2f, the language  or languages spoken by each individual. For example, if you are multilingual and can speak in different registers and styles, your idiolect comprises several languages, each with multiple registers and styles. In the end, language varieties come down to judgments, often illogical, that are, according to Edward Finegan in Language: Its Structure and Use: ...imported from outside the realm of language and represent attitudes to particular varieties or to forms of expression within particular varieties. The language varieties, or lects, that people speak often serve as the basis for judgment, and even exclusion, from certain social groups, professions, and business organizations. As you study language varieties, keep in mind that they are often based on judgments one group is making in regard to another.

The word of peace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The word of peace - Essay Example Begin your life pattern by doing things you feel motivated toward, even though they are not important to you at first. In today’s hectic lifestyle, there is no peace of mind and that’s the reason why people though monetarily strong have no peace of mind. What is the main reason behind this? Well, there are two main reasons: unnecessary possessions and unnecessary burdens. And because of these two fundamental reasons, there is no contentment – everyone needs more that what actually is needed. This can be seen in our society, nations and across the world. With time, the negative energy in the universe is increasing and as a result, there is more aggression despite millennia of religion, culture and civilization. Peace among people and nations remains elusive, but for the welfare of our society and for the future of humanity, peace is important and really deserves a chance. Being a social animal, peace is very crucial for us. It teaches us how to get rid of the endless chatter of mind, problems, anxiety, and stress that make us uncomfortable and severely affect our thoughts. Learn the art of living in a state of inner peace and happiness. If you seek peace sincerely, you can definitely find it. However, you need some deep thoughts to bring you to

Hospitality Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hospitality Management - Essay Example Consumers who generally like to spend their memorable holidays in the countryside resorts experience more personalized travel experience in terms of lodging, special food dishes and many other benefits. Basically resorts are more expensive than hotels and these are preferred by the niche segment of people with higher disposable income. Therefore, these types of consumers generally prefer to get customized or personalized services especially for their recreation purpose. Taste and preference of customers is continuous changing factor and it is one of the most important areas where the businesses need to focus. In the hospitality industry, the businesses have been identifying gradual change of service expectation from the customers. There are three major drivers behind this change. These three drivers are educated demanding customers, adoption of new technology in hospitality industry and globalization. These drivers stimulate the demand of hospitality service by the customers and also are the main reasons for their new personalized service demand from mainly the hotels and resorts. Resort vacation has becoming more demanding tourism service. It has been identified by many researches in tourism industry that resorts are becoming more preferable by the potential consumers with high disposable income. Therefore, it can be forecasted that in the coming decade, the consumers will prefer resorts vacation more than hotels. This is because resorts vacation is a complete tourism package which including travelling, foods, logging and other entertainment services. Resorts provide more customized and personalized services than hotels. Consumers with comparatively high income level prefer to spent vacation with their families at least two to three times in a year. Therefore, they generally select locations far from the crowded cities like country sides, sea and heal areas. Resorts are generally developed in those areas with natural beauty

Cultural Competence in Social Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Cultural Competence in Social Work - Essay Example It is apparent that acquiring cultural competence causes the ability to communicate, understand, and interact effectively with individuals across cultures. Furthermore, a culturally competent person must value prevalent diversity in culture, and portray actions or attitudes that accept as well as promote different cultures. The individual should respond effectively and respectively to people of all races, sexual orientations, cultures, ethnic background, religions or faiths, and classes. Health and human services profession requires a practitioner to recognize, value, and affirm the worth of tribes, individuals, families as well as community. The practitioner also has a responsibility to preserve and protect the dignity of all people in the community. Standards for cultural competence Health and human services work has several cultural competence standards that govern the practice. The National Association of Social Worker (NASW) has stipulated several standards or norms for cultural competence. One of the standards is ethics and values that states that social work professionals should function in conformity to profession’s standards, ethics, and values. In addition, they must recognize ways in which professional and personal values may accommodate or conflict with requirements of diverse clients. Health and human services work has several cultural competence standards that govern the practice. The National Association of Social Worker (NASW) has stipulated several standards or norms for cultural competence.  ... cerning traditions, history, artistic expressions, family systems, and values of individuals that they serve (National Association of Social Workers, 2001). Acquirement of cultural competence skills Cultural competency in health and human services necessitates the acquirement of cross-cultural skills. In this sense, social work professionals should be equipped with suitable approaches, techniques as well as skills that reflect an understanding of importance and influence of culture in the provision of health and human services. In service delivery, social workers should not only be skillful in and well informed about various available services, but should also be in a position to make suitable referrals for their clientele. They should identify and avoid discrimination of clients from service opportunities because of their diversity. Social work professionals should endeavor to provide services that aptly match clients’ culturally unique needs. Besides, they should promote pro cedures and policies that guarantee access to care or services, which incorporates different cultural beliefs and practices (Doman, 2010). Social workers must acquire various critical elements that enhance their ability to be more culturally competent. These elements include  valuing diversity;  being cognizant of various dynamics associated with interaction of cultures;  having the capability to undertake cultural self-assessment;  attaining profound cultural knowledge; and  developing versions of service delivery revealing awareness as well as compliance with cultural diversity.  Social work practitioners should be proficient in these elements and manifested them in their professional as well as social interaction. Furthermore, these elements ought to be incorporated in policies, attitudes, as

Historical Development of Nursing Timeline Research Paper

Historical Development of Nursing Timeline - Research Paper Example Hippocrates first theorized the practice of health care in the fifth century B.C. During the Middle Ages Catholic monks practiced early forms of nursing through caring for the sick and ill of Europe. During the 17th century nursing developed and increasingly became associated with the downtrodden members of society, such as prostitutes. Nurses during this period gained a poor reputation and were generally regarded as unreliable. It wasn’t until Florence Nightingale in the 19th century that nursing began to take on the shape of its contemporary form. This essay considers the historical development of nursing from the time of Florence Nightingale, and examines various elements related to the nursing profession. In the early 19th century the perception of nursing shifted dramatically as Florence Nightingale accepted a position as a nurse. While nurses had previously been associated with lower class individuals, Nightingale was a well-educated woman with a solid background. Her contributions to the nursing profession were substantial in shifting it to respectable levels. In 1853 Theodore Fliedner made further advancements. Fliedner established hospitals wherein there were stringent requirements for nursing professionals. This improved the reputation of nurses and led to the establishment of the British Institute of Nursing Sisters. The next significant advancements in nursing occurred at the beginning of the 20th century. In 1901 New Zealand became the first country to regulate nurses nationally. The United States would follow suit in 1903. During World War Two the nursing profession would again experience significant changes. During this period the war effort increasingly demanded that the bedside skills of nurses be expanded to include a new array of skills. As a result of these increased needs, the profession of nursing expanded with increasing amount of nurses being required to have advanced medical training. During this period nursing became increasingly organized as the war effort demanded improved levels of efficiency to treat the large amounts of wounded soldiers. Throughout the remainder of the 20th century nursing would advance in terms of both the profession and the theoretical science. In terms of the profession increasing amounts of licensure and educational options emerge further increasing the skills and understandings of nurses. For instance, the United States now offers both a Bachelor’s and Master’s of Science degree in nursing. In terms of nursing theory the 20th century would witness the development of a great variety of nursing theories (Barnum 1998). Today they are broadly categorized under broad nursing theory, that considers the pr actice of nursing as a whole, and mid-range nursing theories that focus on specific aspects of nursing (Barnum 1998). It’s the collection of these elements that make nursing the complex profession it is today. When considering nursing one of the main elements are the divisions between nursing as a profession and nursing as a science. The nature of the nursing profession is the actual occurrence of health care for individuals in hospitals or situations of medical need. The nursing profession is governed by a social contract wherein nurses are bound by ethical responsibilities. Within the profession there are varying degrees of nurses, based on education and licensing. For instance, there are both Licensed Practical nurses (LPN) and Registered nurses (RN); both of these individuals have different nursing responsibilities. Conversely, the nursing science is a comprehensive approach to nursing that develops theories related to advancing and improving nursing practice. Indeed, nur sing science has had a significant impact on other disciplines, such as philosophy, psychology and the social sciences. Within this context of understanding, nursing theories have examined many issues related to interpersonal interaction and human wellness. For instance, Henderson’s need theory advances notions philosophy and psychology

Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Human Resource Management - Essay Example Flanagan was the firm’s vice chairman in the corporate offices of Chicago (Blitstein 2008). According to the article, Flanagan, ‘repeatedly lied about his trading in annual written certifications’ (Blitstein 2008). I’ve made a research on the literature related to business ethics and came to the conclusion that employees in all firms need to follow the ethical rules set by their organization, as these rules are aligned with the laws regulating trade and commerce. In the specific case, Deloitte had failed in identifying early the violation of business ethics by its vice president; moreover, it seems that this failure has been a common phenomenon for the specific organization, meaning especially the problems in the firm’s audits in 2009 and 2010, as identified by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) (Lynch and Byrnes 2011). In accordance with Tittle (2000, p.67) ‘employees need to be loyal to their company’; however, this loyalty has limits. ... It is implied that the activities of employees within organizations need to be lawful and that no violation of law in the context of business activity is permitted. In accordance with a survey developed in 1990, a high percentage of organizations, about 90%, tend to develop a corporate code of ethics (Trevino and Weaver 2003). In this context it would be expected that the phenomena of corporate fraud would be limited worldwide. The case of Deloitte, as of other well-known firms, such as Enron, revealed that the rules of corporate code of ethics are often ignored within modern organizations. I decided to explore all aspects of the Deloitte’s case, meaning its problems related to business ethics, in order to identify the failure of the organization to promote business ethics among its employees: was these failure related to specific employees or to the organization’s strategic framework? Log Entry 2 February 15, 2012 At a first point, Deloitte’s practices in regard to the control of fraud in the internal organizational environment can be considered as quite ineffective. In accordance with the firm’s website, the Board has a key role in ‘overseeing the organization and ensuring that it operates in the best interests of its shareholders’ (Deloitte, The role of the board, 2012). It is further explained, that the Board has the power to develop a regular control on the firm’s value drivers and set the firm’s targets, including the systems required for ‘monitoring managers’ accountability’ (Deloitte, The role of the board, 2012); the above powers are part of the Board’s responsibility to check the level at which the corporate governance rule are applied (Deloitte, The role of the board, 2012). In other words, the firm’s Board is primarily

Art history response paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Art history response paper - Essay Example The work of the sculptor is usually aided by nature while the painter requires knowledge of how shadows may affect their work. Greater mental analysis and skills are therefore required of painters. The sculptor deals with shapes while the painter deals with the transparent objects. Varchi’s inquiry led to various opinions from different artists. According to Bronzino, both the painters and the sculptors require different types of skills. The sculptors have to be more accurate when it comes to measurements as they cannot cheat on the aspects of measurements. According to Messer Benedetto, painting is nobler as compared to sculpture. Other artists who are in the view that painting is more noble than sculpture includes Pino although Michelangelo disputes the argument that painting is more noble than sculpture since its requires a lot of skills and intellectual efforts. The dialogue between Lauro and Fabio has also been unable to come up with clear answers regarding painting and sculpture. The arguments that have been presented in the article indicate that both painting and sculpture have different unique features. Different skills are required in order for one to become a painter and a sculptor. A lot of intellectual skills are required during the painting as one has to come up with paintings that will be acceptable to the audience. On the other hand, a lot of manual efforts are required when developing a sculpture. This is considering that some of the sculptures are quite huge. A part from the manual efforts, expertise is required in order to ensure that the sculpture does not fall apart during display. However, despite the differences in the requirements, I think that painting is nobler as compared to sculpture. The painters have to be creative and innovative in order to satisfy the audience. On the other hand, the painters are supposed to have knowledge on different elements of art and design

Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Human Resource Management - Essay Example Flanagan was the firm’s vice chairman in the corporate offices of Chicago (Blitstein 2008). According to the article, Flanagan, ‘repeatedly lied about his trading in annual written certifications’ (Blitstein 2008). I’ve made a research on the literature related to business ethics and came to the conclusion that employees in all firms need to follow the ethical rules set by their organization, as these rules are aligned with the laws regulating trade and commerce. In the specific case, Deloitte had failed in identifying early the violation of business ethics by its vice president; moreover, it seems that this failure has been a common phenomenon for the specific organization, meaning especially the problems in the firm’s audits in 2009 and 2010, as identified by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) (Lynch and Byrnes 2011). In accordance with Tittle (2000, p.67) ‘employees need to be loyal to their company’; however, this loyalty has limits. ... It is implied that the activities of employees within organizations need to be lawful and that no violation of law in the context of business activity is permitted. In accordance with a survey developed in 1990, a high percentage of organizations, about 90%, tend to develop a corporate code of ethics (Trevino and Weaver 2003). In this context it would be expected that the phenomena of corporate fraud would be limited worldwide. The case of Deloitte, as of other well-known firms, such as Enron, revealed that the rules of corporate code of ethics are often ignored within modern organizations. I decided to explore all aspects of the Deloitte’s case, meaning its problems related to business ethics, in order to identify the failure of the organization to promote business ethics among its employees: was these failure related to specific employees or to the organization’s strategic framework? Log Entry 2 February 15, 2012 At a first point, Deloitte’s practices in regard to the control of fraud in the internal organizational environment can be considered as quite ineffective. In accordance with the firm’s website, the Board has a key role in ‘overseeing the organization and ensuring that it operates in the best interests of its shareholders’ (Deloitte, The role of the board, 2012). It is further explained, that the Board has the power to develop a regular control on the firm’s value drivers and set the firm’s targets, including the systems required for ‘monitoring managers’ accountability’ (Deloitte, The role of the board, 2012); the above powers are part of the Board’s responsibility to check the level at which the corporate governance rule are applied (Deloitte, The role of the board, 2012). In other words, the firm’s Board is primarily

Famous Kentuckian Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Famous Kentuckian Paper - Essay Example Young Harlan followed the footsteps of his father and entered politics. It was in the age of seventeen that he was offered the position of adjutant general of Kentucky. He opposed this idea by citing his age, however in autumn he was appointed the governor. It was a demanding position for Harlan, but keeping in mind his age he was only paid $250 annually. This contract formed the basis of his political career (John Harlan). After winning the elections, Harlan was working as a country judge before the start of the Civil War. Harlan won the election for the country judge on the Know Nothing ticket, which was a Native party who was enjoying their esteem from the time span between downfall of the Whig Party and the rise of the Republican Party. Despite of the fact that it was a slave state, Harlan was a part of the Union at the time of the War. It was at that time that Harlan joined the American troops as lieutenant Colonel. He left the army in the year 1863 at the time of his fatherâ₠¬â„¢s death. He was assigned the position of Attorney General of Kentucky in the year 1864, and also supported George McClellan’s campaign against Abraham Lincoln in the same year in which the Presidential Elections were being held. In 1876 he led the Kentuckian delegation at a convention after Benjamin Bristow (his law partner) ran to be nominated for the presidential elections. The presidential elections of the year 1876 were same as the year 2000 i.e. they were fiercely contested. As a result of the election of 1876 an electoral commission came into being. Hayes was declared the winner of the elections after which he appointed a commission to figure out that which of the two Louisiana governments was more lawful than the other. Harlan was an active member of one of these two Louisiana governments. The Louisiana commission appointed came with the result that the Democrats formed a more lawful government in Louisiana. The problem with the result of the Commission was that th e board responsible for certifying the electoral victory of Hayes also announced the result of the Louisiana’s contest declaring the Republican as the winners. During his career as a Justice he struggled to remain dedicated in winning the civil rights for the colored population and tried to enforce social equality among the population. He also worked for getting regulation of the giant industry that emerged in that century. Harlan had abiding faith on the judicial system and the Federal Government that they would equally spread the economic opportunities in the country, without any racial discrimination. His characteristic made him stand out from his colleagues and gave him his separate identity. He opposed the drawbacks of the system on several occasions, which exposed him to several passionate and dissenting opinions. He also faced rejections from several legal scholars until the mid of the 20th century when his views gained acceptance and were considered prophetic by the c itizens. Justice David Davis resigned and became the Senator of Illinois at the time of tussle concerning the electoral commission. Hayes wanted a Southerner to be appointed to this position and Harlan perfectly fitted the position. At the age of 44 he was subsequently appointed the Justice to the court. Harlan’s legacy lies in his rebellions. He took opposing side in the Lochner v New York case, where he spent the maximum working hours for the labor class in order to eradicate the institution of slavery from

A Country Political Instability Economics Essay

A Country Political Instability Economics Essay As we know that, a country political instability or stability is an important issue to foreign invest. India has been instable politically in the past but it is a slight politically stable in these years. Therefore, our company is investing to the India capital market. There two important political factors that our company need pay attention is employee law and taxation. Furthermore, the  Minimum Wages Act, 1948  provides for implementation of minimum wages in respect of arranged employments in India. From year 2011, the National Floor Level of Minimum Wage has been greater than before from rupee 80 to rupee 115 per day. Besides that, according to Factories Act, 1948, all manufacturing that is more than 10 employee and carrying manufacturing activities meaning of Factory. Our company is manufacturing cooking oil business in India, and the worker is more than 10 people, so, our company have to supplies for the health, safety, welfare, working hours and leave of workers in factorie s. The second political factor taxation that need to coverage is corporate tax. According to the income tax Act, 1961 provides the specific statutes for other taxes. There are two type of corporate tax such domestic company and foreign company. Our company is foreign company, therefore we need to pay 42.23% (40% plus surcharge of 2.5% and education cess of 3%) taxable income exceeds INR 10miilion to the India government. It will affect our company by reducing profit due to payment corporate tax to India government. Besides that, Malaysia and India agree to make a Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (Miceca). The MICECA is a comprehensive Agreement between Malaysia and India that covering Investment, Economic Cooperation, Trade in Services and Trade in Goods. Therefore, our company can across trade in services, goods (cooking oil) and investments that principal to progressive initial of markets by both India and Malaysia.   Moreover, these market access opportunities are estimated to translate into more freedom movement of investment, professionals, goods and services between the two countries. In addition, MICECA will also provide for strategic partnerships between Malaysian and Indian businesses, such as joint ventures in services sectors by healthcare, construction, and franchising. Economic Analysis Economic is important issue that influenced by area unique to economy and comprised by economy or directly influenced by economy, areas such as exchange rates, purchase power (GDP), inflation rate, and interest rate. From the chart shown that exchange rate between Malaysia and India are 17.82985. So, 100 Malaysian Ringgit multiply exchange rate 17.82985 and we will receive 1,782.985 Indian Rupee. A strong currency is making export more difficult due to price is raise in terms of foreign currency. Changes in the  exchange rate  also effects on the economy affecting variables such as the demand for imports and exports, inflation, real GDP growth, and business  profits. Once the exchange rate between Malaysia and India is reduce, it will affect our cooking oil business reduce the profit. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in India is expanded 0.8 per cent in the second quarter of 2012 over the previous quarter. It provides an aggregate measure of changes in value of the services and goods produced by an economy. A change in GDP, whether increase or decrease, typically has an important effect on the stock market. For example, bad economy commonly receives lower profit for a business and which in turn means lower stock prices. From the graph, it is shown India economic is going recession. And it will affect our company getting low profit. The inflation rate in India was recorded at 7.81 per cent in September of 2012. With inflation, our company are paid a fixed rate of interest on loans and rental, so, we have been increase purchase power and receiving benefit from interest earnings. Besides that, inflation affect our company by aggravate higher wage demands from employees and raise costs. Besides that, interest rate is also an important issue to affect economy. Lower interest rate helps it easier for people to borrow in order to buy homes and cars. Nowadays, the interest rate in India was reported at 8.00 per cent. It means that, higher interest rates in India make our company to pay more loans in interest rate. Social-Culture Analysis Population in India Population in India increased to 1250 Million in December of 2011 from 1200 Million in December of 2010, according to a report provides by the World Bank. The population of India represents 18 per cent of the world ´s overall population which possibly means that one person in every six people on the earth is a resident of India.   Population map of India From the picture above show that, Mumbai 12,448,447, Delhi 11,007,835, Bangalore 8,426,970, Hyderabad 6,509,970, Ahmadabad 5,470,585, Chennai 4,683,087, Kolkata 4,482,679, Surat 4,461,002, Pune 3,215,431, Jaipur 3,173,350. Urban areas surrounding Cities are called Urban Agglomeration.   Age distributions in India According to CIA World Fact book, the India age structure of 0-14 years is  29.7% which is male standing for 187,450,635 and female standing for 165,415,758.The range of 15-64 years is 64.9% which is male 398,757,331 and the female is 372,719,379. And last range 65 years and over:  5.5% which is male 30,831,190 and female 33,998,613. Besides that, the total median age of India 26.5 years, male median age is 25.9 years, and female median age is 27.2 years. Religion in ` In this country India is a country where people are free to choose to believe in which religion. The majority of 82% of people are believed in religion Hindu. 14% of people is believed Muslim, 2% come from Sikh religion and 2 % come from other religion.

The Implicit Intimacy of Dickinsons Dashes Essay -- Emily Dickinson a

The Implicit Intimacy of Dickinson's Dashes The dash in Emily DickinsonÂ’s poetry, initially edited away as a sign of incompletion, has since come to be seen as crucial to the impact of her poems. Critics have examined the dash from a myriad of angles, viewing it as a rhetorical notation for oral performance, a technique for recreating the rhythm of a telegraph, or a subtraction sign in an underlying mathematical system.1 However, attempting to define DickinsonÂ’s intentions with the dash is clearly speculative given her varied dash-usage; in fact, one scholar illustrated the fallibility of one dash-interpretation by applying it to one of DickinsonÂ’s handwritten cake recipes (Franklin 120). Instead, I begin with the assumption that Ââ€Å"text† as an entity involving both the reading and writing of the material implies a readerÂ’s attempt to recreate the act of writing as well as the writerÂ’s attempt to guide the act of reading. I will focus on the former , given the difficulties surrounding the notion of authorial intention a.k.a. the Death of the Author. Using three familiar Dickinson poems—Ââ€Å"The Brain—is wider than the Sky,† Ââ€Å"The Soul selects her own Society,† and Ââ€Å"This was a Poet—It is that,†Ãƒâ€šÃ¢â‚¬â€I contend that readers can penetrate the double mystery of Emily DickinsonÂ’s reclusive life and lyrically dense poetry by enjoying a sense of intimacy not dependent upon the content of her poems. The source of this intimacy lies in her remarkable punctuation. DickinsonÂ’s unconventionally-positioned dashes form disjunctures and connections in the readerÂ’s understanding that create the impression of following Dickinson through the creative process towards intimacy with the poet herself. This implicit intimacy becomes clear ... ...ickinsonÂ’s highly personal notations. Ironically, what at first seems an idiosyncratic stylistic effect operates to create a deep sense of intimacy between the reader and the creative process of a highly reclusive individual. Far from distancing the reader, the dash actually provides a gateway between the act of reading and the poetÂ’s moment of creation, only possible if we view the text as a shifting co-creation of reader and poet. Works Cited: Edith Wylder, The Last Face: Emily Dickinson's Manuscripts (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1971). Jerusha Hall McCormack, Ââ€Å"Domesticating Delphi: Emily Dickinson and the Electro-Magnetic Telegraph,† American Quarterly 55.4 (2003) 569-601. Michael Theune, Ââ€Å"Â’One and One are One’†¦and Two: An Inquiry into DickinsonÂ’s Use of Mathematical Signs,† The Emily Dickinson Journal 10.1 (2001) 99-116.

An Analysis of Vonnegut’s Breakfast of Champions Essay -- Vonnegut Bre

An Analysis of Vonnegut’s Breakfast of Champions Kilgore Trout is a struggling novelist that can only get his novels published in porn magazines. Dwayne Hoover is a fabulously well-to-do car salesman that is on the brink of insanity. They only meet once in their lives, but the entire novel, Breakfast of Champions (1973), is based on this one meeting. The meeting is brief, but that is all the author, Kurt Vonnegut, needs to express his message. In fact, it is quite crucial that the meeting starts and ends almost instantly. It is the meeting between sanity and insanity. Kilgore Trout is simply the novelist that Vonnegut was when he was younger. Dwayne Hoover is the older, insane man that Vonnegut has turned in to. The meeting between the two is the exact moment when Vonnegut has transformed. The bad chemicals now will run amuck through poor Dwayne's head. Mr. Trout has spent his whole life writing crazy novels, mostly about other planets and the crazy things that happen on them. He lives alone in his house with only his parakeet, Bill, to keep him company. Most of what he talks to Bill about is how the world will be ending very soon. "Any time now," he would say, "And high time, too"(pg 18). This is a product of Dwayne's theory that the Earth's atmosphere would soon become "unbreathable" [sic] (pg 18) and kill off all living creatures. This idea was crazy, but Kilgore does many more things that would seem eccentric to any normal person. The adventure of Kilgore Trout starts when he receives a letter from Midland City. One man, Mr. Rosewater, wants him to come to their fine arts festival as the guest of honor. Kilgore had no idea that he has even one fan. Enclosed is a check for one thousand dollars, which would aid him on... ...whole life. The ink hold that he has on Trout, is now being released. It is almost as if he is releasing sane Kilgore and accepting insane Dwayne. Dwayne read Kilgore's novel and went on a violence spree. He spent the rest of his life in an asylum. Kilgore went on to become a world-renowned novelist. Vonnegut is a world-renowned novelist, who is known for his crazy and insane novels. It seems as if he feels that he has wasted the first part of his life in the novel, when he is Kilgore Trout. After he meets Dwayne he seems to have all of his success and make all of his money. Kilgore confirms this in the end when he only wants one thing from his creator. He yells out to Vonnegut as he disappears, "Make me young, make me young, make me young!"(pg 295) Work Cited Vonnegut, Kurt. Breakfast of Champions. New York: Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, Inc. 1973.

Gas Turbine Engine Is A Generic Term Engineering Essay

1. IntroductionGas turbine engine is a generic term applies to land, sea and airborne applications. It has broad scope of applications from civil and military air power to power coevals, and besides from oil and gas geographic expedition and production to automobile industry. They are compact, light weight, easy to run and has scope of sizes from several hundred KW to 100s of MW. Gas turbine ( GT ) engineering is responsible as the premier mover for the most of propulsion systems and is hence of critical importance. The satisfactory operation and high public presentation gas turbines are of paramount importance to the profitableness of these industries. Promotion in the field of aeromechanicss and stuff engineering has paved a important addition in the efficiency of the gas turbines. Assorted researches are carried out in order to cut down specific fuel ingestion farther by 30-40 % and besides to cut down risky fumes gases coming out of it. Experiments started with simple gas turbine rhythm and developed up to more-complex thermodynamic rhythms such as exhaust-heat-recovery money changers are performed and implement in the existent clip applications. ( ref tribal sheik ) The gas turbines have a immense history of development since 1791, when for the first clip John Barber took out a patent for ‘A Method for Rising Inflammable Air for the Purposes of Producing Motion and Facilitating Metallurgical Operations ‘ . Since early 1900 ‘s, many enterprises have been made to construct the operational gas turbine and develop its public presentation by with assorted attacks. After this major innovation there were plentifulness of people who contributed to develop this engineering with different applications. In April 1937, Sir Frank Whittle ran the first jet engine which had a immense impact on the universe of engineering. It has now been over 71 old ages since the first gas turbine was designed and operated for electric power coevals by A. B. Brown Boveri. The gas turbine began as a comparatively simple engine compared with other reciprocating internal burning engines and has evolved as complex but extremely efficient and dependable premier m over. Though, GT engines has high runing flexibleness and requires comparatively low capital investing, it is necessary to accomplish an optimal design for each type of its application. ( ref Industrial GT ) In the early yearss, it was hard to obtain a sufficiently high force per unit area ratio with equal compressor efficiency till the scientific discipline of aeromechanicss was non introduced to GT. Now, there are efficient engines runing on high compaction ratios. ‘Performance ‘ is the terminal merchandise that every gas turbine company sells, ( ref GT public presentation Fletcher ) and major portion of GT public presentation is chiefly based on design of its thermodynamic rhythm. This survey intends to make an analysis tool for gas turbine rhythms to show the fluctuation of gas turbine public presentation parametric quantities with aid of a graphical user interface through different illustrations and a instance survey. Before continuing to those chapters of the thesis, a brief debut over gas turbine operation and intent of making such tool is given in the undermentioned subdivisions.1.1 Fundamentalss of gas turbinesFigure 1: Simple gas turbine systemA typical gas turbine engine comprises three chief constituents: Compressor, Combustor and Turbine. They operate upon the rule of Brayton rhythm by agencies of series uninterrupted flow procedures. The rhythm defines what happens to the working fluid when it passes into, through and ou t of the gas turbine. This working fluid is ab initio compressed in the compressor. It is so heated in the burning chamber by adding fuel by agencies of burning. Further, it goes through the turbine. The turbine converts the gas energy into mechanical work. Part of this work is used to drive the compressor. The staying portion is known as the net work of the gas turbine. The undermentioned figures would depict the agreement, procedures and the flow in simple Brayton rhythm. Figure 2: T-s diagramThe Figure.1 shows three chief constituents of gas turbine engine. Compressor, combustor and turbine contribute three important procedures in the engine. These diagrams give a brief thought about the agreement and the flow of fluid in ideal Brayton gas turbines rhythm. Normally, compressor and turbine are mounted on the same shaft so that the turbine could drive the compressor and salvage extra power supply required for the compressor. Figure.2 represents the simple Brayton rhythm demoing temperature-entropy fluctuation for procedures happening in each of these constituents. At point-1, air is taken from the ambiance into compressor and acquire pressurised really during phases 01 to 02 ( isentropically 01- 02 ‘ ) . The temperature of this pressurised air increased by heat add-on ( qin and qout ) through firing fuel in the combustor during phases 02 to 03 with some loss in force per unit area. It can be seen that the highest temperature in the rhythm is at t urbine recess. Finally the enlargement occurs in the turbine from phases 03 to 04 ( existent, which causes to impel it and bring forth power. Thermodynamic rhythm operates individually in each constituent of GT system. Using notations above, following equations are derived ; Pr = Compression force per unit area ratio, T01= Compressor recess temperature. Cp= Specific heat ( air/gas ) . Compressor Using isentropic p-T relation, we have, Here, T01 is temperature at compressor recess and T'04 is ideal temperature at compressor bringing. Isentropic efficiency of the compressor is given by, Therefore, existent compressor bringing temperature: is given by Turbine Similarly, utilizing isentropic p-T relation, we have, Ideally, there is no force per unit area loss throughout the system. However, there is ever a opportunity of fring force per unit area in the burning chamber. In that instance, force per unit area at the turbine recess will be given as ; P03 = P02 – ( P02- % loss in force per unit area ) . Therefore, p-T relation for turbine will be given as, Here, T03 is temperature at turbine recess and T'04 is ideal temperature at turbine fumes Turbine isentropic efficiency is: And turbine ‘s exhaust temperature Combustor And Temperature rise in burning chamber= Here, FAR = Fuel to Air ratio. Once, all temperatures across the constituents are known, the power consumed and delivered can be determined. Power and efficiency Work required to drive the compressor is ; And entire power produced by the turbine, Hence, Net power developed: Thermal efficiency of GT rhythm is the ratio of net work out to the input. From all old equations, thermic efficiency of the rhythm can be calculated as ; It is of import to gain, unlike the conventional reciprocating engines, the above described procedures ( compaction, burning and enlargement ) does non happen in individual constituent. They occur in different constituents which are designed, tested and developed separately in their sense. Therefore, in pattern, losingss in GT engine constituents such as drag loss in compressor, force per unit area losingss in combustor, temperature loss in turbine will increase the power required to drive the compressor and devour the net power generated. These losingss define isentropic efficiency of the constituents. It will necessitate a certain add-on to the energy of working fluid, and therefore a certain fuel supply will be needed. This extra supply does non bring forth any utile power, and finally consequences in low rhythm efficiency. Use of complex rhythm was proposed in the early yearss of gas turbines, when they were necessary to obtain a sensible thermic efficiency. There are three conve ntional methods of bettering the efficiency: reheating ( extra combustor between two turbines ) , inter-cooling ( an intercooler between two phases of compressors ) and regeneration ( a recuperator between compressor and combustor ) . The undermentioned figures show the regeneration system and procedures. Figure 3: Recuperative rhythm Figure 4: T-s Diagram for restorative rhythm In the agreement shown in figure 3 the turbine fumes gas heat has been utilized to preheat the air come ining the combustor by adding a recuperator ( heat money changer ) . The recuperator really imparts the turbine fumes heat into the combustors air/fuel mixture. The temperature obtained at point 5 will now be the entering temperature for burning chamber. Now the heat rise in the combustor is less than needed in simple rhythm, and therefore less fuel required. Decrease in fuel ingestion will better the rhythm efficiency. However, these polishs can be made maintaining in head the extra complexness, weight and cost in any gas turbine works. Here, the lone alteration than simple rhythm is the debut of recuperator to leave the fumes heat. Therefore, the temperature rise occurs from T05 to T03. T05 can be determined utilizing the heat money changer dealingss of effectivity ; E†º , E†º = effectivity of recuperator ( normally 0.7 to 0.9 ref ) . Since, T05 & A ; gt ; T02, relatively less sum of fuel is required to make the coveted turbine recess temperature which consequences in bettering thermic efficiency of the rhythm. The old two illustrations explain the operational behavior of gas turbine systems. Furthermore, fluctuation of parametric quantities like force per unit area ratio of compressor, turbine recess temperature, ambient conditions, burning efficiency, etc will be discussed subsequently in this study. Following subdivision will supply information about bing plans in the market to analyze GT rhythms and will besides depict the intent of making a graphical user interface for these rhythms.1.2 Undertaking backgroundGas turbine belongs to such technology subject where it has to cover with many undertakings. The operation and public presentation of the gas turbines depends upon the chosen construction of thermodynamic rhythm. There are few but really effectual plans commercially available to show the fluctuation of gas turbine public presentation parametric quantities. ‘GASTURB ‘ and ‘EngineSim ‘ are one those. GASTURB This is a really utile plan developed by Dr. Joachim Kurzke. ‘Gasturb ‘ trades with both design and off design public presentation of gas turbines. Its development had begun in early 90 ‘s. And its first publication was presented at ASME in conference of 1995. Since so, the uninterrupted development had been carried out in this plan. It has several installations ; user can take the type of engine he wishes to analyze and so plan it farther as per the coveted demands. For illustration: if the user ‘s pick is to look into public presentation of his design for the aircraft engine, user can travel further and do his picks about taking a turbofan/turbojet/turboprop/turboshaft and more profoundly taking the type of flow, type of shaft agreement and figure of constituents and their sizes. ( ref gasturb ) EngineSim Using EngineSim plan, one can look into the push production through jet/turbine engine by interactively altering values of different engine parametric quantities. The first version ( EngineSim 1.1 ) of this plan was released in 1999. Assortment of secret plans and optional life was besides included in this plan. Since so, there has been uninterrupted development in this plan to detect the effects of engine constituent public presentation on push and fuel ingestion. It besides allows user to vary design parametric quantities in each constituent. It has two basic manners of operation ; design manner and trial manner. In design manner, user can present several types of designs and take the optimum, whereas in the trial manner, user imports one peculiar design and trials it with different runing conditions. ( ref EngineSim ) Other similar plans Articles ( ref ) Plans above are the most recognized commercially available tools to analyze gas turbine rhythm design. With uninterrupted developments and quickly increasing demand of gas turbine application, the design facets of thermodynamic rhythm are going more and more critical twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours. We hence emphasize to concentrate on thermodynamic rhythms since the rhythm analysis allows standards to be established which will put the bounds on possible theoretical public presentation and which can be used to entree the existent public presentation of the engine. In primary phases of planing a rhythm it is complicated and clip devouring for the interior decorators to take an appropriate rhythm in order to accomplish a coveted end product. The alone combination of thermodynamic and design parametric quantities leads to bring forth different rhythms and can do monolithic alterations in end product. To do this easier for analysis, it is necessary to make a tool which can propose primary pros and cons of the chosen rhythm. The basic purpose of this thesis is to make a flexible and powerful tool to analyze these thermodynamic rhythms. The undermentioned chapter will show the process of creative activity this tool ( GUI ) and its phases of development.2. GUI creative activity2.1 What is GUI?GUI is an abbreviation refers to ‘Graphical User Interface. ‘ Unlike coding the plans, GUI is a graphical show of one or more Windowss incorporating certain controls which enable user to execute synergistic undertakings. These controls are called constituents. GUI is a powerful tool through which user can pass on with computing machine without programming bids. It allows user to include about all types of window maps such as edit boxes, pushbuttons, radio/toggle buttons, checkbox, axes, bill of fares, toolbars, popup bill of fare etc. Using these, user can execute several and complex types of calculations. GUI ‘s can besides interact with other GUI ‘s and present the end point values through secret plans or on tabular arraies. GUIs are fundamentally created for automatizing the arduous calculations or see king for or larning about information content informations.2.2 Choosing planTo make such flexible tool it is necessary to take strong scheduling linguistic communication. There are some really strong plans available such as Java, Visual rudimentss, C++ . These linguistic communications allows user to pull strings the equations and utilize them as user wants to. This can besides be done utilizing Microsoft Excel © . However, to develop this tool ‘MATLAB ‘ has been chosen for following grounds: MATLAB is a widely used tool in technology subject. It can be used for simple mathematical uses with matrices, for apprehension and learning basic mathematical and technology constructs, and even for executing simulation. Matlab was originally introduced as a little and ready to hand tool which has now evolved and go an technology workhorse. Matlab is an taken linguistic communication for numerical calculation. It allows user to execute several types of numerical computations, and visualise the consequences with simple programming methods. Matlab is dependable every bit long as the codification is expeditiously written. It can easy bring forth artworks. Numerous types of tool chests in Matlab can heighten the use of traditional simulation tools used for advanced technology applications. Old versions of Matlab is could make GUI by merely coding m-file. The MathworksTM has developed a tool called GUIDE in Matlab which is non merely efficient but much more user friendly. ( ref Matlab ) 2.2.1 GUI with Matlab Matlab supplies the set of user interface constituents which allows us to plan GUIs which matches with those used in sophisticated package bundles. There are plentifulness of books available for artworks and GUI scheduling. Here, MATLAB- GUIDE tool will be used to make GUI. It is really utile, easy for GUI coevals. This tool in Matlab initiates the GUI environment ( GUIDE ) and let user to make or redact GUI interactively. On choice, GUIDE opens a speedy start duologue box where user can take to open bing GUI ‘s or make a new GUI utilizing provided tools and templets. ( ref Matlab tutorial ) GUIDE tool besides bring forth its backup ‘m-file ‘ automatically, which contains basic low-level formatting codification and an gap map. GUI constituents in m-files are addressed utilizing two basic things: grips ( uicontrols ) and their several belongingss ( uimenus ) . These two can be combined with other artworks objects and can be utilized to make enlightening, intuitive, a nd aesthetically delighting GUIs. Matlab tutorial suggests following basic points to be considered to construct a successful GUI. Paper prototyping: Sketching a conceptual design on paper to avoid confusion while constructing GUI. Physical considerations: the GUI building in such a manner that user must interact with high degree of flexibleness. Attractive visual aspect Effective cryptography. Figure 5: Basic stairss to construct GUI Figure 5 describes the basic process to construct GUI. Once the users and information that is to be interfaced with is understood, one can get down the procedure of puting out the GUI. If the on-paper paradigm is ready, it is rather faster to take how many constituents are required. Input signal constituents are interlinked in the backup m-file through a certain map called ‘callback ‘ . This map controls GUI or component behavior by executing some action in response to an event for its constituent. These events can be a mouse chink on pushbutton, menu choice or a imperativeness key, etc. On snaping the end product recall map ( normally a pushbutton ) , the GUI calls the map in the backup m-file and put to death the codification.2.3 Phases of developmentThis subdivision of the study describes how this analysis tool has been developed utilizing Matlab GUIDE. The user interface has been built right from running GUIDE tool for the first clip and so adding different constituents. Figures below will explicate this better. Figure 6: Primary operations in Matlab GUIDE Figure 6 shows the primary operations to be done after choosing GUIDE option on the tool saloon. As explained in subdivision 2.2 ; the usher option starts with a speedy start window enabling user to choose creative activity of new GUI and opening bing file.Phase 1For this tool, clean GUI option has been selected so the following window shows the GUI environment with tool saloon consisting of control constituents. In the following window demoing clean GUI environment, the needed input constituents in footings of edit boxes had been chosen and aligned in the panel. Furthermore, a inactive box to expose the computed consequence and a pushbutton to execute the actions mentioned in the codification has been introduced to the working GUI environment. The m-file contains the bids to read inputs through grips of edit boxes. The pushbutton ‘callback ‘ has bid with equations to calculate the coveted end product. Note: Equations used in the m-file are same as mentioned in chapter 1.1. Figure 7: Phase 1- GUI computer science efficiency for simple rhythm Figure 7 represents the first phase of this tool. It required specific user inputs in the provided edit boxes such as compressor recess conditions, compaction force per unit area ratio, desired turbine recess temperature, specific heat capacity of gas, isentropic efficiencies of compressor and turbine, air mass flow and force per unit area loss if there is any. Once these values are entered user is supposed to snap on the provided button ( ‘Calculate ‘ ) and it would cipher the efficiency for the simple rhythm. ( Please see appendix for the codification. )Phase 2The first phase was able to find the efficiency for the simple rhythm but merely for given conditions. As mentioned before, the purpose of this thesis is to make and develop this tool to analyze the public presentation of gas turbine rhythm with fluctuation of different parametric quantities. These basic parametric quantities really demonstrate the overall consequence of chosen design. These are the chief factors impacting the public presentation of gas turbine engine. Compression force per unit area ratio Turbine working temperature Component efficiencies and ambient working conditions Figure 8: Phase 2- GUI for simple rhythm with variable force per unit area ratioIn the 2nd phase, an enterprise to vary force per unit area ratio has been done. Since, the rhythm efficiency chiefly depends upon the force per unit area ratio. At this phase, the user can take the scope ( minimal and maximal ) of force per unit area ratio maintaining all other parametric quantities changeless and can acquire a graphical end product for the simple rhythm. To implement this option cringle for altering force per unit area ratio has been used in the backup m-file. Figure below depicts stage 2 of GUI.Phase 3Initial phases of this tool were limited to find the public presentation of the given working status for simple rhythm merely. In 3rd phase, a recuperated rhythm has been introduced to the tool. Figure 9: Phase 3- GUI with both rhythms In the figure above, it can be seen that a button group incorporating three wireless buttons is added to the tool. Once all inputs are entered the user can take the type of rhythm and vary as per want. There are three options available for user, 1. Simple rhythm: this will bring forth the fluctuation of force per unit area ratio against the end product efficiency for simple rhythm. 2. With recuperator: this option will inquire user to come in the value for effectivity since it is necessary for recuperated rhythms and plot the fluctuation for recuperated rhythm. 3. Compare both rhythms: It is necessary to compare both rhythms to look into the consequence of utilizing recuperator. Maximal illustrations prove that usage of recuperator enhances the rhythm efficiency as per theory. In the figure above, it can be seen that for certain scope of force per unit area ratio the efficiency of the rhythm is rather higher utilizing recuperator than that of simple rhythm. Further subdivision in this study would discourse about the consequence of fluctuation of different parametric quantities on the rhythm. Furthermore, the tool displays the value of maximal possible thermic efficiency for all three conditions.Phase 4As discussed at phase 2, the turbine recess temperature besides plays critical function in finding the efficiency. Increase in TET that is, turbine recess temperature would ensue in enhanced rhythm efficiency provided creep strength of the turbine blades is high plenty to defy that temperature. To see this consequence further development in GUI has been done. At this phase the GUI is able to bring forth efficiency curves for changing force per unit area ratio every bit good as for changing turbine recess temperature. However, it is necessary to maintain all other parametric quantities constant. Therefore, while changing any one of these two, the minimal value from the scope entered by user is taken for the other changeless. For illustration, while changing force per unit area ratio, minimal value for TET will be taken as a invariable for that instance and frailty versa. The undermentioned figure will show the fluctuation for TET. It can be seen that, another button panel is added incorporating two wireless buttons which allows user to choose the variable among force per unit area ratio and TET. The GUI generates the graphical end product on snaping the ‘analyse ‘ button. Figure 10: Phase 4- GUI varying TET and Pressure ratio for rhythm efficiency It can be observed from above figure that at TET = 800K ; the efficiency was found around 13 % ( for simple rhythm ) and has bit by bit increased with increasing turbine recess temperature. Figure 11: Phases of development in GUI3. Consequence of fluctuation in public presentation parametric quantity on GT rhythms with illustrationsThe basic gas turbine rhythm normally has low thermic efficiency, so it is of import to look for improved gas turbine based rhythms. As discussed in the old chapter ( subdivision 2.3 ) , following are the chief constituents impacting the public presentation of gas turbine rhythms. An appropriate alteration in these parametric quantities will take the system to accomplish desired end product with high thermic efficiency. Compressor force per unit area ratio Turbine recess temperature Component efficiency and ambient working status. The elaborate going from the assorted theoretical rhythms with alteration in working parametric quantities will be examined in this chapter.3.1 Compressor force per unit area ratioThe specific work end product upon which the size of the works for a given power depends is found to be a map of force per unit area ratio. ( Ref Gt theory ) If Pressure ratio ( Pr ) =1, so work end product would be zero. With the created GUI, the fluctuation of force per unit area ratio has been tested. Following illustration show the consequence of Pr on the efficiency. Pressure at recess of compressor ( P1 ) 1.01325 saloon Temperature at compressor recess ( T1 ) 288 K Pressure ratio of compressor ( Pr ) Minimum 2:1 Pressure ratio of compressor ( Pr ) Maximum 16:1 Temperature at turbine recess ( T3 ) 1100 K Compressor isentropic efficiency 80 % Turbine isentropic efficiency 85 % Mechanical efficiency 99 % Air mass flow 0.6 Kg/sec Pressure losingss 5 % Specific heat capacity Air= 1005 KJ/Kg-K Gas= 1146 KJ/Kg-K Effectiveness of the recuperator 0.8 Table: Parameters specifying runing condition- Varying force per unit area ratio For the above status, following consequences have been obtained utilizing the GUI. Figure 12: Consequence of changing Pressure ratio In the figure above, force per unit area ratio is changing from 2 to 16:1 ( at changeless TET = 1100 K ) . It is obvious that the consequences for simple rhythm and recuperated rhythm are different. For simple rhythm, due to high force per unit area compressor bringing temperature started increasing and the work input in burning chamber has been decreased, a gradual betterment can be seen in efficiency from 11 % to 25 % with increasing force per unit area ratio 2:1 to 10:1. However, after that it started worsening bit by bit. Increase in force per unit area ratio caused higher ingestion of power required to drive the compressor. But for the changeless turbine recess temperature, the entire power generated by turbine is besides changeless for all conditions and the net end product has continuously decreased which finally resulted in low efficiency. On the other manus, the efficiency for the recuperated rhythm rose all of a sudden ( till Pr =3.8:1 ) due to high temperature come ining the burning chamber ( chapter 1.1 ) and so, less work input. Continuous bead is been ascertained further due to high ingestion of work by the compressor. Recuperated rhythm has steep autumn compared with simple one. High force per unit area ratio resulted in high compressor bringing temperature T2, the heat exchange in the recuperator occurs till the turbine ‘s fumes gas temperature T4 & A ; gt ; T2. With rising force per unit area ratio and changeless turbine working temperature, at certain point T2 = T4, after this if T2 is still lifting due to higher force per unit area ratio so a set of status is shortly reached when T2 & A ; gt ; T4. In such instance, the heat exchange system in the recuperator reverses its flow and the energy is wasted heating up exhaust gas consequences in much lower temperature at combustor recess and so thermic efficiency. Figure below explains the heat flow for both of these instances. Figure 13: Recuperator in gas turbine rhythms3.2 Turbine recess temperature ( TET )This is another most important parametric quantity in the rhythm. From the equation, Work done by the turbine, The power created by the turbine is straight relative to the turbine entry temperature. When the turbine entry temperature decreases, so the work done by the turbine bead which in bend cut down the net turbine power and efficiency of the gas turbine. To find its consequence, same illustration is taken as below. Pressure at recess of compressor ( P1 ) 1.01325 saloon Pressure ratio of compressor ( Pr ) 5:1 Temperature at turbine recess ( T3 ) Minimum 800 K Temperature at turbine recess ( T3 ) Maximum 1200 K Compressor isentropic efficiency 80 % Turbine isentropic efficiency 85 % Mechanical efficiency 99 % Air mass flow 0.6 Kg/sec Pressure losingss 5 % Specific heat capacity Air= 1005 KJ/Kg-K Gas= 1146 KJ/Kg-K Effectiveness of the recuperator 0.8 Table: Parameters specifying runing condition- Varying TET. Following figure illustrates the consequences demoing the consequence of TET on efficiency for the illustration. Figure 14: Consequence of changing TET In figure 13, the temperature at turbine recess is changing from 800-1200 K ( at changeless Pr = 5:1 ) . As expected, it can be seen that there is a immense rise in the efficiency particularly for recuperated rhythm and a good betterment in for of simple rhythm excessively. Normally, stuff available for turbine building fixes the highest recess temperature for the turbine for a given rhythm. It depends upon the creep strength of the stuff used for the turbine blades. If the engine is made capable of operating at high temperature than its old theoretical account due to improved stuffs and design, the higher temperature consequences in increased power and improved efficiency while adding higher cost for blade chilling for turbine phases.3.3 Component efficiency and ambient working statusComponent efficiency is usually expressed in footings of the ratio of existent and ideal work transportations. Turbomachines are basically adiabatic, hence the ideal procedure is said to be isentropic. The efficiency of this procedure differs with the nature of operation of the constituent such as soaking up or production of work. The efficiency of the compaction procedure may be defined as the ratio of the ideal compaction work to the existent compaction work. And for an enlargement procedure, the efficiency is the ratio of the existent enlargement work to the ideal enlargement work. Due to irreversibility the efficiency will be less than integrity. ( Ref Ind GT ) . Higher the isentropic efficiency of constituent, better the public presentation of gas turbine system. Ambient working status affects the public presentation of engine since the denseness of the air will be different under different climatic conditions. At high altitudes the air denseness decreases ensuing in lessening of end product shaft power. The recess air temperature for compressor should besides be taken into consideration since at different parts of the universe the room temperature can non be same. For illustration, if the recess air temperature alterations from 288K to 310 K so less mass flow of air is required and so the force per unit area ratio.3.4 Pressure losingssIn the early yearss of gas turbines, two types of system were proposed ; one at changeless volume and other at changeless force per unit area. The isolation of valves of combustor from compressor and turbine was necessary in changeless volume system ; hence the development in the changeless volume type was discontinued. ( Ref GT theory ) . The combustor and the heat add-on procedure incur force per unit area losingss and hence the heat add-on is non a changeless force per unit area procedure in a practical gas turbine rhythm. Similarly, in a practical gas turbine rhythm, heat sink is used ; the ambiance and the ductwork to take the exhaust gases from the gas turbine will besides incur a force per unit area loss. Furthermore, practical gas turbines usually operate on unfastened rhythms and air is drawn in continuously to supply fresh working fluid for the gas turbine. As a consequence, there is besides a force per unit area loss in the recess system.3.5 Specific heatsThe above treatment makes one to recognize certain bounds of public presentation such as temperature which present twenty-four hours turbine metals can defy and the gettable force per unit area ratios in the compressors in order to let sensible length of working life.